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Home
Pearsall Family DNA
Surname Project
Number of Pearsalls
By Location
Maps by Family
Surname
The History of the
Parshall Family from the Conquest of England by William of Normandy, A.D.
1066 to the Close of the 19th Century (1903)
The Parshall Family
A.D. 870-1913 (1915)
History and
Genealogy of the Pearsall Family in England and America (1928)
Volume I
Volume II
Volume III
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The Pearsall Family DNA – Surname
Project
DNA TESTING DETAILS
There are three main types of DNA test:
1) autosomal or X-DNA, 2) Y-DNA (paternal line), and 3) mitochondria DNA
(mtDNA – maternal line). One the last two are used for genealogical
purposes as the Y-DNA and mtDNA tests follow the direct paternal or
maternal lines. Both Y-DNA and mtDNA cannot be used to identify
individuals as these marker values or test results are shared by many
individuals (e.g. all the men of a particular family for Y-DNA; or all of
the female and some males of a maternal line). The rule of inheritance
for Y-DNA is the same as a surname – a paternal ancestor passes his
Y-chromosome or DNA to his male offspring. They in turn can continue to
pass their inherited Y-DNA to their male offspring. The rule of
inheritance for mtDNA is a little different. A female ancestor passes her
mitochondria DNA to both female and male offspring, however, only female
offspring can pass it on to the next generation. Due to these factors,
men are able to take both the Y-DNA and mtDNA tests, whereas women only
qualify for the mtDNA test and are not able to take Y-DNA tests directly
(they must find a brother, father, uncle, male cousin, or other
appropriate proxy to take the Y-DNA test on their behalf). Additionally,
Y-DNA tests do not reveal any medical conditions. MtDNA testing may or
may not; some early studies which claimed correlations to certain medical
conditions have later been found false. What can be said about mtDNA is
that it is shared by many more people than a particular Y-DNA haplogroup
(e.g. Y-DNA haplogroup diversity is greater than mtDNA diversity). Research
continues regarding mitochondria DNA and what can be concluded about it
other than certain populations groups share the same mitochondria.
Autosomal DNA, the first type of DNA
test we mentioned, is not generally used for genealogical purposes
because the rule of inheritance is based on chance factors. Excluding the
sex chromosomes (XX for women and XY for men), the other twenty-two sets
of human chromosomes are inherited from each parent, BUT the each parent does
not necessarily donate 50% of their genes from each grandparent, rather
in developing gametes (e.g. sperm or egg), each genes of grandparent have
an equal chance of contributing to each gamete, but it is possible that overall
contribution may come more from one grandparent than they other. It is
because of this random process that siblings do not necessarily look
alike, or necessarily share similar attributes even though they share
common parentage. Due to these factors, autosomal DNA tests which require
parents and offspring to provide samples are used to prove paternity. It
is also due to the individual uniqueness of autosomal DNA results that
this is the type of DNA tests used for investigative forensics (e.g. FBI
or police). Autosomal DNA tests may reveal medical conditions. A few DNA
testing companies are in the process of typing populations based on apparent
frequencies of autosomal DNA in particular populations. I have not found
this to be useful or accurate at this time and would not recommend
spending funds for this type of testing unless one really had the
penchant to know what their autosomal marker results are.
I. Autosomal DNA Testing –
not recommended
Example:
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Hypothetical Markers
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Paternal
Grandfather
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Paternal
Grandmother
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Maternal
Grandfather
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Maternal
Grandmother
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Marker 1
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1,2
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3,4
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5,6
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7,8
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Marker 2
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9,10
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11,12
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13,14
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15,16
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Marker 3
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17,18
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19,20
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21,22
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23,24
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Marker 4
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25,26
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27,28
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29,30
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31,32
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Marker 5
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33,34
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35,36
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37,38
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39,40
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Father
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Mother
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Marker 1
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2,3
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6,8
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Marker 2
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9,11
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14,15
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Marker 3
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17,20
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21,23
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Marker 4
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26,28
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30,31
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Marker 5
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34,36
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37,40
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You
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Another
Sibling
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Marker 1
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2,8
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3,6
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Marker 2
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9,15
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11,14
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Marker 3
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20,21
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20,21
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Marker 4
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26,30
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26,30
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Marker 5
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34,40
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34,37
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II. Y-DNA Testing – recommended
for paternal linage (e.g. male-male-male-male-male line)
 
Y-Chromosome
DNA test comparison chart
Recommended comprehensive Y-DNA testing with: DNA Heritage, Family
Tree DNA, or Relative Genetics.
For specialized SNP testing, use Ethnoancestry.
GeoGene and Oxford Ancestors are not recommended due to the very
low number of STR markers tested.
Conversions that
required between: 1) FTDNA, 2) SMGF/RG/DNAH, 3) EA, and 4) GB
Y-DNA haplogroups:
III. Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) Testing – recommended for maternal
line (e.g. female-female-female-female-to either female or male as final
offspring)
 
mtDNA test
comparison chart
Recommended full-length mtDNA testing with: Argus Bioscience,
Family Tree DNA, or Relative Genetics.
Mitochondria DNA haplogroups:
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