The Pearsall Family

Members History Genealogy

Home Pearsall Family DNA Surname Project Number of Pearsalls By Location Maps by Family Surname The History of the Parshall Family from the Conquest of England by William of Normandy, A.D. 1066 to the Close of the 19^th Century (1903) The Parshall Family A.D. 870-1913 (1915) History and Genealogy of the Pearsall Family in England and America (1928) Front Cover Inside Front Cover The Motive Thanks Illustrations Contents

Migration – we keep moving… Humans originated in Africa many thousands of years ago based both on the fossil record as well as genetic studies. About 55 – 75 thousand years ago, humans as we know today (homo sapiens) ventured from Africa (around present-day Ethiopia), crossing the Red Sea between present-day Djibouti and Yemen. From Yemen, hunting/gathering bands rapidly moved along the coast of the Indian Ocean traversing what are present-day Oman, the Gulf (U.A.E., Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran), Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, into Australia. This migration around the Indian Ocean was quite rapid, taking place over about 15 thousand years. In the initial dispersal out of Africa, some groups stayed behind as others moved forward. One fork in the migration path would have been through the rich river basin of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Over time, as human populations grew along the banks of the Euphrates and the Tigris, some groups would venture further and further up-stream into virgin lands of present-day Syria and Turkey. From there, some tribes went westward from Anatolia into the Balkans and the rest of Europe, others went north through the Caucuses into eastern Europe and the Urals, and others moved eastward into Central Eurasia around the Caspian and Aral seas. This took place between 25 to 40 thousand years ago. Another African group also broke out of Africa through Nile River into the Sinai Peninsula, then into the Middle East and around the Mediterranean Sea. This occurred about 30 thousand years ago; almost 50 thousand years after the first group crossed the Red Sea. Agriculture, or farming, began about 12,000 years ago. With the advent of domestication of crops and animals, humans became “anchored” to the land. Climate variation such as drought or disease had potentially disruptive impacts on settlement. During times of significant change, populations would collapse, and rebuild or resettle. The more successful civilizations that could accumulate and manage agricultural wealth typically were situated in fertile areas such as the Nile delta, between the Euphrates and Tigris, along the Indus River, and parts of China. In other climate/vegetation zones such as heavily wooded alpine, grassy steppe, or tundra areas, people continue to migrate with the animals they hunted. Y-DNA (male) genetic migration and timeline: Mitochondria-DNA (female) genetic migration and timeline: Timescales We can derive how groups are related based on haplotype STR values and unique SNP (“snip”) marker results. Downstream populations share the SNP values of upstream ancestors. Over time, mutations occur new groups can be identified based on changes in SNP and haplotype marker results. Additionally, the more haplotype marker values groups or individuals have in common, the more closely related. Timescales we can analyze are from many thousands of years to several hundred years. Haplogroups generally cover large populations. As an example, Haplogroup I can be found in many populations throughout Europe, from the Balkans, to Scandinavia, Sardinia and many other places. Haplogroup I can be further broken down into “sub-clades” (or sub-groups). Examples Haplogroup I sub-clades include: I1a, I1b1, I1b2. Haplogroup I1a and I1b1 diverged about 1080 generations (or about 25,000 years ago). Haplogroup I1b1 and I1b2 diverged about 270 generations (or about 7,000 years ago). Within sub-clades with greater haplotype marker resolution, we can find groups of families, and with even greater haplotype resolution, even sub-groups within families can be identified. Link to a general view of Haplogroup I tree à Link to a more detailed view of Haplogroup I1b1* migration à Link to a more detailed view of Haplogroup I1a migration à Link to a more detailed view of Haplogroup E3b migration à Link to closely related Y-DNA families à ###